Всеобщая история

Based on documents from domestic archives, the article examines the issue of the struggle for sea communications during the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939. The author analyzes the history of the organization of sea convoys traveling from the Soviet Union to the Spanish Republic, as well as the specifics of conducting military operations on the key sea communications of the Spanish Republic.

The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of the image of the Catholic enemy, one of the prototypes for which was William Parry. Based on the original materials, the author shows the Elizabethan government’s use of William Parry’s affiliation to Catholicism in the fight against the Queen’s detractors. It is concluded that, using the example of the failed conspiracy of William Parry, government propaganda of the 1580s demonstrated the immorality and lowliness of the spiritual principles of state traitors as a special social group.

The article presents an overview of scientific works of German researchers of the XIX–XXI centuries, touching upon the problem of the origin of the hereditary citizens of Munster in the XVI–XVII centuries. Based on the analysis, we identified three directions of scientific research on the problem. The representatives of the first direction linked the origin of hereditary citizens with land ownership. The supporters of the second direction claim that the hereditary citizens originated from the ministeriales.

This article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of the participation of sorcerers in the political life of France in the late 14th – early 15th centuries. The immediate reasonforthis wasthe king’s illness, which doctors could not cure. Thenthe Duke of Burgundy Philipthe Brave decided to attract sorcerers so that they, using their connections with demons and devils, would return Charles VI to health. Thus a paradoxical situation arose when the most Christian monarch of Europe began to be treated with the help of evil spirits.

The article considers a social status of prominent members of political elite of Priene and civic values of the polis during the Early Hellenistic period. Honorary decrees for magistrates and military leaders show that the political elite of Priene in the late 4th and during the 3rd centuries BC based its authority on public office instead of wealth. Civic values in this period were still democratic and egalitarian. The social status of early Hellenistic elite of the polis contrasts with late Hellenistic elite, whose authority was founded on wealth.