Всеобщая история

The article examines the events of October – December 1962 in Iran, related to the discussions that took place in Iranian society on the issue of the election bill, as part of the preparation of the reforms of the “White Revolution of the Shah and the People”. Based on the analysis of Ayatollah Khomeini’s speeches and appeals, his views and approaches to the proposed bill are characterized. Based on the results of the analysis, it is concluded that Ayatollah Khomeini’s approach to the Shah’s initiative is unconstitutional and anti-Islamic.

Based onthematerials ofthememoirs ofthe participants ofthe events andthe business correspondence ofthe embassy withthe British government, the activities of the British ambassador to Spain, Samuel Hoare, who held the post from 1940 to 1944, are considered. It is shown that the effectiveness of his actions grew not only in simultaneously with the success of the allies in the war, but also due to the strengthening of economic cooperation between the two countries.

This article is devoted to the study of the position of the Church of England at the turn of the XVIII–XIX centuries, as well as the analysis of the discussions caused by the need for Catholic emancipation. A prominent thinker and publicist of that time, Robert Southey, took a prominent place in these discussions. Discussions about Catholic emancipation revealed problematic contradictions in the political, religious and cultural discourse of the Romantic era in England. 

The article examines the directions and forms of socio-economic interaction between London and provincial towns of England in 1350– 1370 based on the material of the original sources. It is shown that the main sphere in their relationship was trade, which was implemented in various organizational forms, with extensive use of commodity and monetary credit. Also, the field for interaction was the return of runaway apprentices who left the masters in London and found refuge in different cities of England.

The article examines the early history of one of the largest historical cities of the Czech Republic – Pilsen. It is shown that the city went through two stages in its development: initially it was one of the most important regional towns of the medieval Bohemian state, and in 1295, in the immediate vicinity of the old settlement, a royal city was founded, endowed with self-government rights and other privileges on the basis of city law, which became the center of economic life and a point of concentration of the population.

The article examines the potential of tourism as a tool of “soft power” of public diplomacy. Conceptual approaches to the definition of the concept of “soft power” and “public diplomacy” are highlighted. When considering the structure of “soft power”, its emotional component is singled out separately. The author’s view is presented on understanding the systemic attractiveness of the tourist region, which makes it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of tourism as a tool of “soft power”.

The article examines the development of a dialogue between Russia and Germany regarding the recognition of the Sputnik V vaccine, the opinions of German and European politicians on this issue. The author comes to the conclusion that the mutual recognition of vaccines between Russia and Germany as one of the main actors of the European Union could be both the beginning of an improvement in the situation with the spread of the virus, as well as bilateral relations and relations between Russia and the EU as a whole. 

The article is devoted to the struggle of the opposition forces in the country. It was during the 10-year period (1950–1960) of the Democratic Party (DP) rule that Turkey experienced all the difficulties of establishing and deepening democratic foundations in a developing society. The Democratic Party’s rule was marked by the onset of totalitarianism and a sharp restriction of democratic freedoms in the country, such as freedom of the press, when Turkey faced an immediate threat of losing its national sovereignty.

This article is devoted to the coverage of the foreign policy actions of the Czech rulers Przemysl Ottokar II and Wenceslaus II in the Polish lands. The latter, having analyzed the political miscalculations of his powerful father, Przemysl II Ottokar, decided to focus on the eastern direction of foreign policy, hoping to take advantage of the internecine strife of the Polish princes from the Piast dynasty.

The article analyzes the perception of London cultural space of Thomas Platter, a foreign traveler and a contemporary from the view point of cultural and intellectual history. The author finds out how the cultural strata of a Swiss, brought up in humanistic environment, his subjective attitudes, thoughts, abilities (“cultural constraint”) are reflected in the “different” cultural strata. Platter focuses not only on the exterior cultural attributes of London and its architectural highlights.