Отечественная история

The article considers the formation of the organizational structure of pedagogical education in Russia in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. It conformed to the system of education, which resulted from the ongoing educational reforms. Special attention is paid to pedagogical institutions established at universities. The role of the Main pedagogical Institute is highlighted. Key words: educational reform of Alexander I, system of pedagogical education, teachers ' Seminary, teacher training institutes.

Analyzing many events and phenomena that occurred in the leading countries of the world, and, first of all, in Russia, before, in the course of, and after World War I, the author raises and explores a number of problems of that time which are still urgent today and connected with international and domestic security of Russia. Key words: World War I, Russia, imperial nationalism, ambitions of political elite, international relations, overthrow of monarchy, war lessons, consequences of the Versailles Treaty.

The paper analyses the peculiarities of the political process in post-February revolutionary period which was notable for peculiar political forces arrangement, mythologized public consciousness with its belief in miracles and «setting in the realm of freedom». A new legal system was not developed, the level of public legal awareness and political culture was very low. This was one of the important reasons of Russian sovereignty downfall, the situation in the center and the province confirming this.

The article examines the activitity of Rostov Bishop Kirill, who headed the church administration in the North-Eastern Russia after the Mongol invasion. The key focus is on the bishop’s policy towards the Golden Horde and his relationship with Alexander Nevsky.

The article is devoted to the relations between the Russian government and the State Duma of the first and second convocation. The process of drafting bills by the Ministry of Finance and their fate in the legislative institution is under consideration.

The article is devoted to the perception of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878 by artists. Analyzing the visual images of war in the works of V. D. Polenov, the author considers the historical and cultural context of their formation and evolution. The article reveals the influence of public opinion, the contradiction of artistic trends, changes in the activity of the press. The author makes an attempt to determine the features of V. D. Polenov’s artistic understanding of the war in the Balkans and the peculiarity of his position among other artists.

The article analyzes the policy-making process and implementation mechanisms of the social development strategy of the Soviet Union in 1953–1985. It claims that the main ideological components of the Soviet strategy of social development during the period concerned were fully established after the XXII Congress of the Communist Party, and show which role the institutions of the Communist party played in the policy-making and realization of the Soviet social development strategy.

The article gives an overview of the reports, notes and memoires about Russia written by the French diplomats of the mid-eighteenth century – Marquis de La Chétardie, Count d’Allion, Chevalier d’Éon, Marquis de L’Hôpital, de la Messelière, Favier. «Secret anecdotes about the court of the Empress of All-Russia» by d’Éon are introduced for a scientific consideration. The author notes the peculiarities of each work and at the same time highlights the common features that characterize the views of French diplomats about Russia at the time of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna.

The article considers lifetime portraits of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, painted by artists that worked in Russia in the middle of the 18th century. The author attempted to identify the place of the portrayal genre in representation of the image of the Russian Empress and to show that a portrait as a genre of fine art created in a certain historical period can be a visual source for studying a statesman, and can also supplement existing documentary evidence of an era.

The article analyzes the views and diplomatic practices of the Russian statesman and scholar N. V. Charykov aimed at solving the problem of creating a system of international security. The formation of Charykov’s views and their development is traced. The most important aspect of his reasoning was consideration of the evolution of the status of peace treaties from ‘eternal’ to ‘relative’ as an important condition for excluding the military way of solving international problems.