Russia

The article is devoted to the history of formation of medical microbiology in Tsarist Russia. Since 1885 the first enthusiasts of «germ theory» in Russia with supporting of science patrons began to develop it in Odessa and St. Petersburg. The particular international type of scientific culture, which was embodied in the activity of bacteriological laboratories, is formed, but it had the local peculiarities. The microorganisms’ investigations in Russia at the end of 1880s were far from the interests of physicians.

In the article the life of the Saratov University during the First World War (before 1917) is examined. The changes in the activity of professorial and students’ corporations connected with the war’s tasks are analyzed. The special emphasis is made on indices of growth and development of this higher school.

The article is devoted to the study of the role and place of Harvard Institute for International Development in the Russian reforms during 1990s and peculiarities of the Institute’s functioning within Harvard University. Besides, the influence of the institute leading persons on the development of the American aid program to Russia and the circumstances of the institute’s liquidation are also studied.

The article analyzes the role and place of Great Britain in the preparation of the military conflict in Ukraine, as well as the formation of the terrorist concept of warfare led by the Ukrainian army and special services. Both direct and indirect participation of British military structures in combat actions against the Russian armed forces in 2022 is examined. The article outlines the supplies of weapons and military equipment to Ukraine by the UK, the forms and directions of training of the Ukrainian “proxy army” by British military instructors.

The article examines the dynamics of Moldova’s participation in the CIS in the context of the internal political struggle in the republic. The author analyzes the process of a country joining the organization and highlights problematic aspects of this process. The influence of international actors on the formation of the foreign policy course of Chisinau between Russia and the EU is considered.

Russian and foreign specialists continue to maintain their research interest in the Eastern Mediterranean, both in view of the energy potential of the region as well as unresolved security issues. This article considers the role of global powers – Russia and the United States – in the Eastern Mediterranean from the point of view of the theory of the regional security complex. An attempt was made to determine the interests and priorities of Moscow and Washington on the basis of an analysis of the doctrinal approaches of both states in the identified subcomplex.

The article considers Russia’s foreign policy towards the United States in 1991–1996. The desire of the Russian leadership to achieve the level of strategic partnership with the United States is shown in the conditions of the formation of a new Russian statehood and the weakening of the country’s international positions. The conclusion ismade about the collapse of Moscow’s unjustified hopes and illusions for equal cooperation with Washington.

The article examines NATO’s interaction with Central Asian states in bilateral and multilateral formats over the past 20 years. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the Afghan factor in the relations of the parties. The author concludes that for several decades NATO has purposely tried to strengthen its geopolitical position in Central Asia in order to reduce Russia’s influence on regional security processes. 

The article examines the main internal political processes in Moldova at the time of the collapse of the USSR and the republic’s independence. The author highlights the features of the formation of the Moldovan statehood and their influence on the formation of the foreign policy course of the young state. The researcher analyzes the process of Moldova’s inclusion in the system of international relations and joining the main international institutions.

The article is devoted to the study of the role played by wellknown economist Jaffrey Sachs in the process of realization of the Russian reforms that was carried out under control of the American administration during the nineties (XX c.). Besides, Sachs’ economic views and his interpretation of the Russian reforms failure are also analyzed.