Izvestiya of Saratov University.
ISSN 1819-4907 (Print)
ISSN 2542-1913 (Online)


Всеобщая история и международные отношения

Chronology of Stone and Lead Anchor Stocks of the Ancient World

The article deals with the problem of typology and chronology of ancient wooden anchors with stone and lead stocks. The author notes the lack of elaboration of anchor chronology by previous researchers. Due to the fact that there are new findings, it is possible to extend previous ideas significantly. The chronology of the main types of anchor stocks, as well as their variants (subtypes) is substantiated.

The Origin of the Arab-Muslim Embassy Service (VII Century)

The article discusses the problem connected with the emergence of the Arab-Muslim ambassadorial service. The special role of religious dogmas in the formation of the principles and approaches of Muslim diplomacy is noted. Also, specific historical cases are explored.

The Northern Realm of Canute the Great in Historiography

The article analyzes the place of king Canute the Great’s (1016 – 1035 state in foreign and national historiography. Most of the works published today in different languages are considered. Until now, such work has not been published in Russian.

The Tartar-Mongol Invasion and Urban Development in Central Europe

The article discusses the question of the Mongol invasion impact on the Central European countries (Poland, Bohemia and Hungary) urban development in the XIII century. It is concluded that the devastating consequences of the invasion accelerated the acceptation a new model of urban system in the Central European region, which was typologically akin to Western European urbanism.

Struggle for Power Among the English City Elite in the XIV– XV Centuries

In the article, the question of city self-management organization in the XIV–XV century England is considered. On the example of Bristol and York it is found out whether it is possible to speak about democratic principles of the city authorities’ election, who was a part of city elite and how it was formed.

The King’s Body Guard of the Yeomen: Foot Ceremonial Guard of Charles II Stuart

The article shows the role and place of the yeomen of the guard institution in the Royal court and armed forces system during the reign of Charles II. Particular attention is drawn to the position of officers of the company at the Royal court.

The Everyday Life of Women and Children in England in the Second Half of XIX – the Beginning of XX Century in the Paintings of Contemporary Artists

Women and children’s everyday life representation in England in the second half of XIX – the beginning of XX century are considered in the article as historical sources. Representation of clothes and accessories, forms of pastime demonstrated change in the social role of women and the new attitude to the child in English society. The paintings concerned demonstrated not only real, but also the desired situation, fulfilling the social demand of the royal monarchy through the promotion of high moral values which were necessary for the unity of the nation.

The Use of Social Maneuvering Tactics of the German Reich Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in the Second Half of the XIX Century

The article analyzes the peculiarities of O. Bismarck’s internal policy in the second half of the XIX century. This policy was called «social maneuvering», as it was expressed in an active search for like-minded people in representatives of various political parties, economists, major Industrialists for the elaboration and implementation of social reforms.

Religious Discourse in the Early Debates of Penitentiary Reformers in the USA

The article examines the impact of the theological views of the American Protestant denominations representatives on the formation of theoretical and methodological foundations of the American prison systems. The U. S.A. is considered to be the «pioneers» in the realization of prison reforms in the nineteenth century. Actually it was in America that the first progressive penitentiary systems were arranged: Pennsylvanian and Auburn systems. The elements of American prison systems were later borrowed by European and Russian penal reformers.

The Lisbon Strategy of 2000 Implementation and the Formation of a Unified Model of the European Union’s Social Policy

The European Union’s social policy is the subject of a large number of studies; it is an important area of domestic policy for each EU member state and their citizens. The formation of the EU general social policy passed certain stages in its historical development. The purpose of this study is to identify the problems that arise in the formation of the EU unified social policy in the context of its development.

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