Саратовское Поволжье

The article is devoted to the mass resistance of the peasants of the Saratov Volga region in 1921 to the policy of “war communism” of the Bolshevik government. It acquired an armed character and was accompanied both by the fighting of spontaneously formed detachments moving across the territory of the region and occupying certain localities and settlements, and by the general resistance of the peasants of virtually every village to the prodrazverstka measures. The war was brutal, accompanied by mass violence and the destruction of representatives of the opposing side.

This article is devoted to the analyses of not numerous and very specific population group of the Saratov province – the citizens of the Central Powers, who stayed on the province’s territory without changing their citizenship. Special attention is paid to the reconstruction of those events, which occurred in their lives after the beginning of World War I. The chronology of administrative actions taken in respect of that population group is being reestablished.

Based on archival materials, the author of the article analyzes the activities of the Union of Militant Atheists in the Saratov Volga region and the role of the leader of this organization in the 1930s. Examples of the activities of the organization are given, both within the framework of anti-religious agitation and propaganda of the communist ideology, and as an initiator of the closure of churches and prayer houses of all faiths. Emelyan Yaroslavsky is characterized as the main ideologist of state atheism.

In article there are considered quantitative and qualitative changes in the structure of the population of the Saratov Volga region in 1941–1945 years. They were caused by the migration processes (military and labor mobilization, deportation of Germans, evacuation, resettlement), and factors of natural movement.

The paper investigates the multi-faith religious life of the population of the Saratov region in the 1930s. Anti-church policy of the state has carried out since 1917, but in the early 1930s. sharply intensified, accompanied by mass lawlessness and repression. Defeating the church to the middle of the 1930s., The Bolshevik government was not able to destroy the religious life, which lasted semi-legally and illegally, in spite of persecution and repression.

Автор исследует мусульманский аспект антирелигиозной кампании в Саратовском Поволжье в 1930-е гг.: репрессии против священнослужителей и верующих, изъятие мечетей, антирелигиозную агитацию и пропаганду, а также запрещение религиозного образования. В ходе кампании религиозная жизнь мусульман была существенно подорвана, но не сломлена. Она приобрела новые формы полулегального существования.

Автор проводит компаративный анализ положения, деятельности
и влияния на население основных конфессиональных объединений и групп, представленных в Саратовском Поволжье, накануне революционных событий 1917 года. Опираясь в основном на ранее не вводившиеся в научный оборот архивные источники, автор приходит к выводу об уникальности Саратовского Поволжья как поликонфессионального региона с высокой степенью межконфессиональной толерантности.

Автор рассматривает политические и социально-экономические процессы, происходившие в 1918 г. в сельской местности Саратовского Поволжья. В начале года там завершились процессы установления советской власти, передела помещичьей земли. Они серьезно дестабилизировали обстановку, традиционную жизнь и вызвали массовые междоусобные столкновения крестьян различных деревень, грабежи зажиточного населения.

Во Второй мировой войне гитлеровская Германия активно использовала бомбардировочную авиацию для ударов по районам ближнего тыла, поэтому для СССР важное значение имела защита объектов и населенных пунктов с воздуха. В статье показано развертывание систем войсковой и местной (гражданской) противовоздушной обороны на территории Саратовской области в 1941–1945 гг. и их действия в боевых условиях.

The article attempts to rethink one of the clichés of Soviet historiography of the great Russian revolution, known as the «triumphal March» of the socialist revolution in the country. The author, on the basis of the analysis of sources of personal origin and materials of periodicals, considers political, moral and psychological collisions, and also characteristic features of usurpation of the power by Bolsheviks in Saratov and the cities of province after October revolution.