For citation:
Koroleva О. V. Power in Eastern City in Perception of the English Travellers at the End of XVI – Beginning of XVII Centuries. Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations, 2009, vol. 9, iss. 1, pp. 44-55.
Power in Eastern City in Perception of the English Travellers at the End of XVI – Beginning of XVII Centuries
This article has analysed the portrayal of eastern countries as «another» culture by English travellers. The endeavour was to show what were early modern English perceptions of «Eastern» power. The «backwardness» of the «others» was portrayed in the English travel writings through critical remarks concerning the political system of the eastern countries. English traveller had the same view and thought that eastern cities were rich but they needed a good government. In the English travel writing of East, a ruler quickly becomes the focus of the civilized/barbaric binary. Eastern ruler (supreme or local) and his power were depicted as despotic if not tyrannical, controlling all aspects of his subjects’ lives. Travellers prefered to write about the absence of freedom, safety and private property that allowed Europeans to declare their superiority over the most powerful and impressive non-european civilizations during early modern time.
- Замятин Д.Н. Метагеография: Пространство образов и образы пространства. М., 2004. С. 205.
- Бродель Ф. Материальная цивилизация, экономика и капитализм XV – XVIII вв. Т. 1. Структуры повседневности: Возможное и невозможное. М., 1986. С. 510.
- Замятин Д.Н. Географические образы путешествий // Человек. 2001. № 6. С. 132.
- Markley R. Riches, power, trade and religion: the Far East and the English imagination, 1600 – 1720 // Renaissance Studies. 2003. Vol. 17. № 3. P. 495.
- Wright A. Early English adventures in the East. L., 1917. P. 133–135.
- Lach D.F., Van Kley E.J. Asia in the making of Europe. Vol. 3. Book 1. A Century of Advance. Chicago, 1993. P 564.
- Фурсов К.А. Держава – купец: отношения английской Ост-Индской Компании с английским государством и индийскими патримониями. М., 2006. С. 87.
- The second voyage of Captain Walter Peyton into the East-Indies… // Hakluytus posthumus, or, Purchas his Pilgrimes. / Ed. by Samuel Purchas. L., 1625. Part 1. Book 4. P. 530.
- Obsevations collected out of the Journall of Sir Thomas Roe… // Hakluytus posthumus, or, Purchas his Pilgrimes / Ed. by Samuel Purchas. L., 1625. Part 1. Book 4. P. 547.
- Кёнигсбергер Г.Г. Европа раннего нового времени, 1500–1789 / Пер. с англ., послесл. Д.Э. Харитоновича. М., 2006. С. 46.
- Aune M.G. Elephants, Englishmen and India: Early Modern Travel Writing and the Pre-Colonial Movement // Early Modern Literary Studies. 2005. 11.1 (May). P. 15.
- Lach D.F., Van Kley E.J. Op. cit. P. 564.
- Journal of Sir Thomas Roe, Ambassador from King James I, to Shah Jehanguiro, Mogul Emperor of Hindoostan //A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels / Ed. by Robert Kerr. L., 1824. Vol. IX. P. 134.
- Captaine William Hawkins, his relations of the occurrents which happened in the time of his residence in India… // Hakluytus posthumus, or, Purchas his Pilgrimes. Part 1. Book 3. P. 206.
- Captaine William Hawkins, his relations… P. 206.
- Obsevations collected out of the journal of Sir Thomas Roe… P. 548.
- Bernier F. Travels in the Mogul Empire. London, 1826. Vol. 1. P. 268.
- A relation of a voyage to the Eastern India. Observed by of Edward Terry… // Hakluytus posthumus, or, Purchas his Pilgrimes. Part 1. Book 9. P. 1480.
- European travelers in India during the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries…/ Ed. by Farley Oaten. Cambridge, 1909. P. 177.
- A relation of a voyage to the Eastern Indis, observed by of Edward Terry… P. 1480. 2
- Представитель военной знати. По словам Терри, «омрах» переводится как «капитан».
- Bernier F. Op. cit. P. 5.
- Captaine William Hawkins, his relations… P. 216.
- Ibid. P. 210.
- Obsevations collected out of the journal of Sir Thomas Roe… P. 540.
- The voyage of Mr. Ralph Fitch…// The principall navigations, voyages, and discoveries of the English nation / Ed. by Richard Hakluyt. L, 1599. Vol. 2. P. 260.
- Ibid. P. 259.
- Journal of Sir Thomas Roe… P. 133.
- Obsevations collected out of the journal of Sir Thomas Roe… P. 542.
- Sir Thomas Herbert Baronet, his travels, begun in 1626, intо divers parts of Africa and Asia Major and in India… // Navigantium atque itinerantium bibliotheca, or, a compleat Collection of voyages and travels…/ Ed. by Harris Jonh. L., 1705. Vol. II. P. 460.
- Ibid. P. 458.
- Ibid. P. 460.
- The voyage of Captain John Davis, to the Easterne India, Pilot in a Dutch Ship, written by himself // Hakluytus posthumus, or, Purchas his Pilgrimes / Ed.by Samuel Purchas. L., 1625. Part 1. Book 3. P. 122.
- The voyage of Captain John Davis… P. 124. 45 Ibid. P. 122.
- A Discourse of Java, and of the first English Factory there, with divers Indian, English, and Dutch Occurrences; written by Mr. Edmund Scot, containing a History of Things done from the 11th February, 1602, till the 6th October, 1605, abbreviated // Hakluytus posthumus, or, Purchas his Pilgrimes. Part 1. Book 3. P. 165.
- Ibid. P.166.
- Markley R. Op. cit. P. 512.
- A Letter of William Adams to his wife from Japan // Hakluytus posthumus, or, Purchas his Pilgrimes. Part 1. Book 3. P. 129.
- A letter toughing Japon whirh the government, affaires and later occurrents there writing to me by master Arhtur Hatch // Hakluytus posthumus, or, Purchas his Pilgrimes. Part 1. Book 10. P. 1701
- Relation of master Richard Cocks cape merchant… are added divers Letters of his and others // Hakluytus posthumus, or, Purchas his Pilgrimes. Part 1. Book 4. P. 396.
- A letter touching Japon…by master Arthur Hatch… P. 1701.
- They come to Japan of European Reports on Japan, 1543–1640 / Ed. by Michael Cooper. L., 1965. P. 57–58.
- Cocks R. The Diary of Richard Cocks / Ed. by Naojiro Murakami. Tokyo, 1899. Vol. 2. P. 278–279.
- Captaine William Hawkins, his relations… P. 218.
- A relation of a voyage to the Eastern Indis, observed by of Edward Terry… P. 1471
- European travelers in India during the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries… P. 181.
- Captaine William Hawkins, his relations… P. 223.
- European travelers in India during the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries… P. 177.
- Ашрафян К.З. Средневековый город Индии XII – середины XVIII века. М., 1983. С. 59.
- The travels of Peter Mundy in Asia (1625–34) //Amazons, Savages, and Machiavels: Travel and colonial Writing in English, 1550 – 1630. An Anthology / Ed. by Andrew Hadfield. Oxford, 2002. P. 233. 70 Ibid. P. 234.
- Кёнигсбергер Г.Г. Указ. соч. С. 48.
- Steadman J.M. The Myth of Asia. N.Y., 1969. P. 26.
- Мещеряков А.Н. Восток-Запад. «Христианское столетие» в Японии: проблема культурного отторжения // Восток. 1993. № 5. С. 47.
- Гордон А.В. Цивилизация Нового времени между миркультурой и культурным ареалом (Европа и Азия в XVII–XX вв.): Науч.-аналит. обзор. М., 1998. С. 55.
- Никифоров В.Н. Восток и всемирная история. М., 1975. С. 29.