купечество

The article examines various elements of the intellectual landscape of London in the XIV–XV centuries, which created and disseminated knowledge of different levels. It is shown that the city has favorable conditions for the realization by citizens of the need to teach literacy not only in Latin and French, but also in English. The social demand of wealthy merchants and artisan masters for secular, practice-oriented knowledge and skills has led to the emergence of new licensed grammar and singing schools, as well as an increasing number of informal schools.

The article considers merchant tenement houses genesis in Saratov. The paper analyses the architecture of objects in question. One deals with three directions replacing each other successively: classicism, eclecticism (historicism), and modern. Apart from the history and the development of tenement houses that are worth paying attention to, interest to such buildings is also explained by resuming of such civil engineering today.

The article describes the reasons that determined the significant role of Russian ethnic culture in the urban socio-cultural environment of Saratov province. Its manifestations in various spheres of city life and, in particular, in the look of these cities are based on written sources. For most county-level cities its influence on the cultural process was dominant. In the main city of the province its features were evident in spiritual and ceremonial life of the general population.