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The article attempts to analyze the dynamics of changes in the national composition of the Russian Federation over the past thirty years. It is argued that the results of the third All-Russian Population Census in 2020 objectively reflect the main trends in the transformation of the national structure of the Russian Federation. The conclusion about the crisis of national identity, complicating the development of the country, is substantiated.

The article examines the changes in the national composition of Saratov province in the first half of the 1920s based on the materials of the All-Russian Census of 1920, the All-Union Urban Census of 1923 and the first All-Union Population Census of 1926. The factors influencing the evolution of the national structure of the region are being studied. The conclusion is made about the formation in the main features of the ethnic map of the Saratov region.