J. Biden

The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of the International Monetary Fund under the influence of various international interests, primarily the political elite of the United States. The main focus is on analyzing the IMF reform process and the impact of various American administrations on it. The assumption is substantiated that D. Trump’s return will not terminate the US membership in the fund, he will try to adapt it to solving his strategic tasks.

The article is devoted to the study of the evolution of the national climate policy from the moment of its emergence in the USSR in the 1960s and 1970s until the end of the active phase of cooperation between Moscow and Western countries in this area at the end of 2021. The main stages of climate policy,factors of evolution and impact onthe Russian economy are considered. It is concludedthatthe cooperation ofthe Russian Federation with Western countries on the issue of global warming was built on a solid foundation, which can become the basis for future dialogue.