конфликты

The article examines the place of aliens in the economy and society of 14th-century London. Based on a wide range of sources and research literature, the author identifies the main groups of foreign trading partners of the English capital and the attitude of municipal society towards them, traces the history of the City’s struggle to maintain its privileges in relations with aliens in the 14th century, and characterizes the changes in the economic situation against the backdrop of the developing confrontation.

The article presents the dynamics of Russian-German cooperation between the late 1990s and the first half of the 2000s. It is established that the relationship between Russia and Germany have developed in cycles because they had passed the phase of rise and fall. The official interpretation of the bilateral relations as strategic partnership can not be considered successful in view of the conflicts generated by the contradictions in the national interests of Russia and Germany.